Minimally invasive surgery in vesicoureteric reflux

Vesicoureteric reflux in children.

Vesicoureteric reflux is defined as the retrograde passage of urine from the bladder into one or both ureters and often up to the kidneys, and mainly affects babies and infants. In severe cases dilatation of the ureter, renal pelvis, and calyces might be seen. Traditionally it was thought that only a low percentage of children have vesicoureteric reflux, but studies have suggested as many as 25...

4th International Congress of Minimally Invasive Surgery-IRAN

4th International Congress of Minimally Invasive Surgery-IRAN

Significance of vesicoureteric reflux.

Diagnosis of Vesicoureteric Reflux and Reflux Nephropathy

FIGURE 8-12 International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). The severity of VUR is most frequently classified according to the International Grading System of Vesicoureteral Reflux, using a standardized technique for performance of voiding cystourethrography. The definitions of this system are illustrated in Figure 8-4 and are as follows. In grade I, reflux only int...

Minimally - Invasive Spine Surgery

I recent decades, an increasing number of spinal surgical approaches and techniques have been developed that limit approach-related morbidity to the paraspinal musculature (44,60). Minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery encompasses a variety of techniques designed to improve perioperative measures (e.g. blood loss, postoperative pain narcotic usage, recovery time) and longterm functional outcom...